Protecting Children from Anti-Social Media
A Critical Step Towards a Healthier Future
Australia has just banned children under the age of 16 from using social media. The move has met with some criticism, particularly from companies like Meta (which owns Facebook and Instagram) and TikTok, which will face fines of up to US$32 million if they fail to keep young people off their platforms. But Australia’s new policy represents a critical step towards protecting children in the twenty-first century.
The Dark Side of Social Media
All societies – and the states that serve them – have a responsibility to protect their children from harmful addictions. And addiction is exactly what social-media companies are trying to cultivate.
As Facebook’s founding president, Sean Parker, revealed in 2017, the process of building the platform was guided by a simple question: “How do we consume as much of (users’) time and conscious attention as possible?” The answer these firms reached lay in “exploiting a vulnerability in human psychology”: the desire for social validation.
The Social-Validation Feedback Loop
Essentially, Parker explained, social-media platforms were designed to deliver hits of dopamine – a neurotransmitter that plays a role in addiction – through socially-validating likes, comments, views and shares.
The more people engage with the platform, the more dopamine hits they receive. The result is a “social-validation feedback loop” that keeps users hooked. “God only knows what it’s doing to our children’s brains,” the regretful Parker lamented.
The Consequences of Social Media
Chamath Palihapitiya – another former Facebook executive whose “tremendous guilt” spurred him to speak out against social media – has an idea. “You don’t realise it,” he told an audience at Stanford in 2017, “but you are being programmed”. Deciding how (and how much) to use social media is tantamount to deciding how much “intellectual independence” one is “willing to give up”.
But many users – particularly children – are not equipped to make informed or healthy choices about social media, not least owing to those addictive feedback loops.
The Risks of Social Media
According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, problematic social-media use – characterised by addiction-like symptoms, such as an inability to control usage and feelings of withdrawal when not using – has risen sharply among adolescents, from 7% of users in 2018 to 11% in 2022. In the US, the average teenager spends 4.8 hours per day on social media.
These figures imply serious risks. Adolescents who spend more than three hours per day on social media are twice as likely as their peers to experience anxiety and depression. Social-media use is also associated with low self-esteem, bullying, and poor academic performance. Evidence suggests that social media has been a key contributor to the uptick in suicide rates among US teens over the last decade.
A Call to Action
WHO has called for “immediate and sustained action to help adolescents turn the tide on potentially damaging social-media use”. Even young people themselves are sounding the alarm.
In early November, the youth parliament of the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, petitioned the Cantonal Council of Lucerne to strengthen protections of social-media users – not least “addiction prevention” – through “targeted awareness-raising among parents and the public”.
A New Regulatory Framework
The idea that social-media companies would police themselves was always wishful thinking: these firms’ business models are built on violating basic rights. That is why all countries that are serious about fulfilling their responsibility to protect their people – and the international community at large – must work together to build and enforce a new regulatory framework for these platforms. The first step is to follow Australia’s lead and raise age limits on their use.
Conclusion
The consequences of social media extend beyond children. According to Palihapitiya, the “short-term, dopamine-driven feedback loops” these companies have created are “destroying how society works” by propagating misinformation and “mistruth”. As Parker put it, social media “literally changes your relationship with society, with each other”. This is not mere speculation: social media has proven to be a “polarisation engine” and a powerful tool for inciting violence.
FAQs
Q: Why is social media addictive?
A: Social media is addictive because it is designed to exploit human psychology’s desire for social validation. The more people engage with the platform, the more dopamine hits they receive, creating a feedback loop that keeps users hooked.
Q: What are the risks of social media for children?
A: The risks of social media for children include addiction, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, bullying, and poor academic performance. Evidence also suggests that social media has been a key contributor to the uptick in suicide rates among US teens over the last decade.
Q: What can be done to protect children from social media?
A: To protect children from social media, countries must work together to build and enforce a new regulatory framework for these platforms. The first step is to follow Australia’s lead and raise age limits on their use. Additionally, targeted awareness-raising among parents and the public is necessary to educate people about the risks of social media and promote healthy online habits.